End-to-end encryption for government: what decision-makers need to know
For EU government organizations and critical infrastructure operators, end-to-end encryption is no longer an architectural choice — it is a regulatory obligation. NIS2, which came into force across EU member states in October 2024, explicitly requires essential and important entities to implement encryption as part of their cybersecurity risk management measures. GDPR Article 32 has required encryption of personal data since 2018.